Italian Verb Conjugations Desiderare

Al Qaed A Worldwide Terrorist System Established By Usama...

Al-Qaeda is a worldwide terrorist system established by Usama receptacle Loaded [the Osama spelling is deplored, on the grounds that there is no letter O in Arabic). Supported counterterrorism weight subsequent to 2008 - including the slaughtering of al-Qaida pioneers Usama container Ladin, Atiyah Abel al Rahman, and lIyas Kashmiri in 2011 - decreased the Pakistan-based center al-Qaida s union and capacities, including its capacity to mount modern, complex assaults in the West like the 2006 Transoceanic Aircraft plot. Be that as it may, notwithstanding these misfortunes, al-Qaida holds its expectation, however maybe not the strong capacity, to arrange and direct terrori st assaults against the West, including the U.S. country. Center al-Qaida in all likelihood will likewise attempt to rouse provincial hubs and partners, and also unaffiliated yet similarly invested radicals, to participate in terrorism against the West. Set up around 1988 by container Loaded, al-Qaeda financed, enroll, transport and prepare a huge number of contenders from many nations to be a piece of an Afghan imperviousness to vanquish the Soviet Union. To proceed with the blessed war past Afghanistan, al-Qaeda s present objective is to set up a skillet Islamic Caliphate all through the world by working with partnered Islamic fanatic gatherings to oust administrations it considers non-Islamic and removing Westerners and non-Muslims from Muslim nations. In February 1998, al-Qaeda issued an

Alcohol and Sports Free Essays

When college students and adults drink irresponsibly, they often create negative associations with alcohol and its hindering effects. Alcohol is a constituent of various recreational and other events in the United States. It is available at a wide range of public sporting events and often is the central focus of celebrations of success and achievement. We will write a custom essay sample on Alcohol and Sports or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unfortunately, as well as contributing to relaxation and conviviality, alcohol is also associated with verbal and physical abuse, arrests for aggressive behavior and violence and admissions to hospitals as a consequence of alcohol related assaults. These concluding aspects have recently been raised in sport broadcasting and news nationwide. This initiates problems such as violence, public urination, or people collapsing as a consequence of excessive drinking. Facility management programs have made proper precautions regarding such events. These problems are not a new phenomena in the world of sports. In an attempt to contain violence, more facilities and leagues have taken action to control and remove the availability of alcohol at such events. After considerable research, there seems to be a repetition of facility management aspects used in everyday sporting events, such as the TEAM and FAM organizational programs, specific â€Å"pre† and â€Å"post† game provisions, and actions regarding â€Å"in-game† incidents. There are many alcohol management strategies that facilities and programs have developed over the past two decades. Almost every professional sport team and facility follows the grand design of the non-profit organization called Techniques for Effective Alcohol Management. TEAM begin back in the 1980’s in reaction to the â€Å"high number of traffic fatalities resulting from heavy drinking at sporting events and to increasing public awareness of the problem of alcohol-related driving (Stadium Alcohol Management). † This program has two major goals regarding alcohol management: reduce drunk-driving and publicize responsible drinking services and consumption at sporting arenas. There main focus is on major sporting venues. TEAM also branches into another program called Facility Alcohol Management (FAM). FAM further assists to public arenas in developing alcohol management. Furthermore, TEAM puts a strong emphasis on their 300 trainers who in turn train more than 30,000 sport facility employees. Training is a very important component involved in enhancing the awareness of staff. This regards factors that contribute to aggression and strategies to defuse potentially dangerous situations and legal issues regarding the proper management of venues. Hence, giving the staff an understanding of strategies to manage alcohol aggression on licensed premises. Planning is one of the most important features of alcohol management within a facility. An appropriate location of an event should always be selected with easy access to transport to and from the venue. Many sport facilities have restrictions or bans on alcohol brought into the venue, as well as restrictions on the type of containers brought into the venue. Alcohol is a great source of revenue for sport leagues and arenas. Facility organizers may also be unwilling to set up alcohol-free events because it is such a main attraction during game-play. More than 60% of professional sporting event revenues come from alcohol purchases (Class Video). Another important example of alcohol management planning is making sure to provide information before and during the event. This should include risks, regulations, requirements and controls. Sometimes the lack of information about strict alcohol polices can result in fans arriving unprepared, either not bringing enough money to purchase alcohol inside the venue or spending it before entry. There has been precaution involving the amount of alcohol served at sporting and large public events. Severity of alcohol problems can be related to length of a game, whether or not it is a playoff game or even if the game is an exciting one or not (Class Discussion). Facility managers and staff must take into consideration those key features of a game in order to prepare for alcohol related incidents. Facilities set restricted times for serving alcohol, including set period before the end of the event, where alcohol is no longer served.. There have been proper preparations for regulating the sale of alcohol on premises within the grounds, particularly the times at which alcohol could be served. This allows for sobering up of patrons and reduced likelihood of drunk driving and other issues. This can be in between an inning, or at halftime. For example, most baseball games stop serving alcohol at the end of the 7th inning in order to maintain the crowd. Having a limited amount of alcohol served to each fan is another way a facility can avoid issues. Concession stands should only be serving 1 drink per customer. Most sporting facilities have kept this under control but staff members working the beverage stands have let this slide and provided more than 1 drink per customer. Server staff selection and training is very important, although evidence shows that enforcement needs to accompany this in order to ensure its effectiveness. Security staff and police officers have been a vital part of alcohol facility management over the past decade. During preparation for games and large sporting events, security takes measures to properly secure a facility for intended alcohol related use. Many facilities have implemented a range of strategies to reduce risks such as segregation of opposing fans or higher levels of policing. If there were safety concerns, security is granted authority to search public vehicles and individuals trying to enter an event with alcoholic beverages. It is important for the police force to try and maintain a crowd during the tailgating portion of an event. This is where the sot excessive drinking takes place. An example of a facility security measure involves video surveillance at the Milwaukee Brewers’ stadium. In the article Drinking Games, it states that â€Å"most parks now include video surveillance equipment that can home in on specific seat locations, but beer hawkers, concessions-stand workers and ushers equipped only with their own eyes are also relied upon to recognize the tell-tale signs of intoxication, or in some cases the mere probability of intoxication. † The security staff and police presence should be visible and have a clear view of the area around them. Also, they should have the authority to ban or remove fans for public displays of drunken behavior. Facility managers take into consideration the importance of harm reduction. Some arenas have been setting up â€Å"dry areas† or family areas to reduce risk and nuisance, especially for families and young people. Also, alcohol served in a tempered glass or plastic and foam cups help reduce the likelihood of containers being used as weapons, and to prevent accidental or deliberate injury to staff and fans on the licensed premises. In Europe, they have â€Å"sobering-up† areas which act as a very valuable strategy (Study Abroad experience 2011). There was minimal effectiveness but it may enable management of those who are overly intoxicated. Traffic management should be something planned before, during and after a sport game. After games, there are security checkpoints where drivers are checked for intoxication or any alcoholic beverages in their possession. This is where many people are arrested for DUI’s and drunkenly misconduct. When looking at the alcohol management regarding Madison Square Garden, there seem to be procedures and provisions similar to the ones listen previously in this research paper. At most of the events at MSG, alcoholic beverages are available for purchase. They train their staff within the terms of the TEAM organization. Alcohol sales are limited to up to two alcoholic beverages per customer per transaction and must provide an ID with purchase. MSG makes sure that guests do not bring in alcoholic beverages from outside vendors, and cannot leave with beverages purchased inside the arena. The last part of their alcohol management statement deals with management reserving the right to refuse the sale of alcohol to any guest (MSG. com). While there have been significant sport broadcasting about alcohol related harm at various professional and collegiate sporting events, there is little direct evidence to guide quality practice of such events. Nevertheless, there are a range of strategies that can be generalized from the mainstream research on reducing alcohol related incidents and strategies that have unpretentious biases. This relationship is a complex one, it arises from our interactions among various factors relating to the American culture, our drinking venues and the individual. How to cite Alcohol and Sports, Essay examples

Modern Technology and Communication Challenges and Opportunities

Question: Describe some of the challenges and opportunities modern technology presents for families and communication. Answer: Challenges and opportunities modern technology presents for families and communication. Modern technology and communication: Modern technology has made the life of a common man very easier. The world gets changed from one condition to another day by day due to the modern technology. We observe a lot of changes in the scenario from the old time. Modern technology has brought several opportunities for the people. Communication is very faster and better now days between families and friends. The most common example of the fastest communication is the internet and mobiles. People can even talk with their dear ones with no time. Mobile helps the guardian to ask the whereabouts of their son and daughters irrespective of the location (Buchtmann, 2000). If there is any emergency, family members can contact each other even if they are not at their homes. We are just a click away from our family. One can not only talk on the phone while technology has made it possible to talk face by face. The internet has provided the facility of video chat. Challenges and opportunities: A customer can chat online and get the solution of his queries from the businessman. Video conferences allow business partners to communicate with the clients in other countries without being at their place. Distance has become very low due to the growth of technology. Electronic mails are there which take only few seconds to get delivered to the recipient. This is far better than the letters which were used earlier. In this way modern technology has saved the time as well as money (à Ã¢â‚¬Å"уà Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½ à Ã… ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’, 2014). Every coin has two faces. All the above, we have discussed about the advantages of the modern technology. If we see the second face of this, the modern technology has played a vital role in making our life complicated. At the worse, human being has moved towards the isolation. Social life a man has come to an end due to the adoption of modern technology. People either get updates regarding their family members on the phone or get linked by the social sites via intranet (Weston Titterton, 2000). People do not wish to move outside if they get each and everything over the click on their system. A number of people avoid interacting face to face with other people. This is leading to a human being in isolation. Man is a social animal, if he is not able to share his feelings with others that may also cause to the depression. Being a social man finds happiness in the company of his fellow members. In today's era, most of the people are connected with their online friends. They are even unaware that who is living to the next door to them. Children may also misuse the availability of internet. They may get indulge in wrong habits. The physical growth of a child only lies in the physical activities. Modern technology has also marked a full stop on the growth of the children. They also keep themselves busy in the mobile and other gadgets (Speicher, 2001). Conclusion: In order to conclude, Modern technology has enriched our life styles in a very positive way. There are some challenges also, but opportunities are on higher side as compare to the challenges. References Buchtmann, L. (2000). Digital Songlines: The Use of Modern Communication Technology by an Aboriginal Community in Remote Australia.Prometheus,18(1), 59-74. Speicher, S. (2001). A Web of Concern: Modern Communication Technology in the Service of Peace-Making.The Ecumenical Review,53(2), 216-226. Weston, J., Titterton, D. (2000). Modern inertial navigation technology and its application.Electronics Communication Engineering Journal,12(2), 49-64. à Ã¢â‚¬Å"уà Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ½, à Ã… ¾., à Ã… ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’, à Ã‚ . (2014). Use of innovative information and communication technologies and modern multimedia means in the educational process.TAPR,3(1(17), 34.

Aspirin free essay sample

Aspirin or acetylsalicylate acid is a compound that is widely used in medicine. The use of aspirin in medicine began long before the active reagent was removed from its natural source. The first documented use of aspirin was found in the writings of Hippocrates, the so called father of medicine. Hippocrates prescribed that willow bark could be used to remedy a wide range of conditions such as pain, fever and inflammation. Scientists began to seek to extract the active compound from willow tree bark. The name of the compound that was first extracted was salicin. Scientist such as Henri Leroux continued to work on salicin, first converting it to a sugar (glucose) and an aromatic compound (salicyaldehyde) and then converting it to an acid (salicylic acid) by oxidation and hydrolysis. This acidic compound was found to be too harsh on the stomach so scientists such as Charles Frederic Gerhardt and Hoffman sought to find a way to buffer it. We will write a custom essay sample on Aspirin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Finally, acetyl chloride was used to buffer the salicylic acid and that is how aspirin or acetylsalicylate was formed. Aspirin is used for a wide range of maladies beginning at headaches and ranging from menstrual pains to use in preventing cancerous tumors. Aspirin is used antiplatelet. This means that it is used to stop platelets from congregating and forming blood clots. This helps to prevent heart attack and strokes. Aspirin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). NSAIDs are medications with analgesic, antipyretic and in higher doses anti-inflammatory effects. An analgesic is a drug that produces temporary pain relief without inducing a stupor and has no drowsy-side effects. Aspirin is said to be antipyretic because it can be used to reduce or to cure fevers and its anti-inflammatory properties allow it to be used to reduce swellings and other bruises (inflammations) in and outside of the body. Non-steroidal means they are not steroids, which often have similar effects. Aspirin is able to remedy these maladies because of the innate chemical properties that it has. First, aspirin is used to prevent heart attacks because of its anti-platelet properties. Aspirin is able to stop platelet formation because it can bond to cyclooxygenase I and prevents it from carrying out its function. The function of cyclooxygenase I is to produce prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are the chemical agents that cause platelets to begin to stick together in order to form a blood clot. Blood clots cause strokes and heart attacks. Therefore, strokes and heart attacks can be prevented if the platelets are unable to form these clots. This is what aspirin does. By preventing the enzyme cyclooxygenase I from producing prostaglandins by bonding to it, aspirin stops prostaglandin production which in turn stops platelet formation which in turn stops a blood clot from forming which will in effect prevent a heart attack. So we see that the intake of aspirin creates a chain reaction that ends in the prevention of a stroke or heart attack. Aspirin derives its pain-relieving properties from a very similar source. Pain is a chemical message that is sent to the brain through sensory neurons that sense, transmit and receive sensory signals called stimuli. When a part of the body is hurt the cells in that area begin to produce prostaglandins. Prostaglandins cause the nerve endings to transmit the signal of pain to the brain. Aspirin stops the brain from receiving the messages of pain from the damaged area by preventing the production of prostaglandins. It does this once again by bonding to cyclooxygenase and preventing it from carrying out its regular function. Pain is good in that it notifies the brain when an area of the body is hurt. Sometimes however it happens unnecessarily for example during a woman’s menstrual period she will feel painful sensations in the abdomen commonly referred to as cramps. Administering aspirin will prevent prostaglandins from causing the message of pain to be sent to the brain. This allows for a healthy, happy woman. Aspirin is antipyretic and anti-inflammatory drug. It is antipyretic because it is able to alleviate fevers. Prostaglandins are also responsible for the inflammation that takes place at the site of wound or rupture. They cause the damaged area to become coated in fluids from the blood in order to produce a cushioning effect and to help it to heal. Stopping the production of prostaglandins will cause the inflammation to cease. This is especially crucial in cases where the damage is internal. For example when a blood vessel near the heart is ruptured the prostaglandins will immediately begin to inundate the area with fluid from the blood. This causes inflammation in the heart (cardiac muscles) and in the arteries. This kind of inflammation is extremely dangerous and could inadvertently lead to a heart attack if it is not stopped. Aspirin does this very quickly and without the use of steroids. Although aspirin has been dubbed the ‘miracle drug’, there are still several side effects that those who will consider taking aspirin should be aware of. People who have peptic ulcers, mild diabetes and gastritis should be careful when taking aspirin as these conditions increase the risk of induced stomach bleeding. People with hemophilia or any other bleeding condition cannot take aspirin as it will worsen their already decrepit platelet count condition. Aspirin inhibits the ability of the kidney’s to excrete uric acid so people with conditions such as gout cannot take it. High doses of aspirin have been known to cause iron-deficiency anemia. It also causes a severe disease called Reye’s syndrome when given to children and adolescents. Reye’s syndrome is characterized by acute encephalopathy and fatty liver and though it is very rare it is a very severe disease that has caused millions of deaths. Some personates manifest what looks like an allergic reaction to aspirin including hives and swelling. Important to note though is that this reaction is not caused by allergens but by the inability of the person’s body to metabolize aspirin. Aspirin has several other minor effects such as the swelling in skin tissues, small brain hemorrhages and prolonged bleeding after operations. Aspirin was first sold in a powered form by the company Bayer. Soon the economic value of aspirin became so important that they were forced to lift the copy right on it. Aspirin has become a major economic drug. So much so that there are now new types of aspirins being synthesized, these include: fruit flavored aspirin; chewable aspirin and aspirins specifically for menstrual pains. Soon fillers were introduced into the aspirin. Fillers are usually derived from various starch sources such as corn, wheat, potatoes and tapioca. Fillers are inactive ingredients or excipients that are added to the drug in order to provide shape and bulk for tablets and capsules. This gives fillers a role of great economic important. By adding fillers the company can increase the weight of the product while the amount of active ingredients remains the same. This means that they will be able to sell the aspirin at a higher price due to its increased weight only the amount of active ingredients remains the same and so a profit is made. Some fillers contain gluten and can cause terrible side effects. Ignorant persons with gluten-intolerant conditions often fall prey to fillers. Aspirin is an extremely beneficial medicine. Aspirin has now exploded into a multi-billion dollar industry because of all the uses that have been found for it. Aspirin is able to relieve, cure or prevent a wide range of things. Whether it is a pain in the joint, or rheumatic fever or an inflamed artery aspirin is on the ready. Not only that but it comes in a variety of forms. If you like strawberries chances are that there will be strawberry flavored aspirin tablets for you. Not just any tablets however, tablets are no available in a chewable form! One should be careful though because aspirin can cause several side-effects such as uncontrollable bleeding and Reye’s syndrome. Remember to watch out for fillers and enjoy your aspirin!

Chris Farley Overdose on Cocaine essays

Chris Farley Overdose on Cocaine essays Chris Farley, a very popular actor to men, women, boys and girls died of an overdose of cocaine. He was very funny for his over-reacting and his physical comedy. He was on SNL (Saturday Night Live) for five years, then left to pursue a movie career. His movies include, Tommy Boy, Black Sheep, and Beverly Hills Ninja. Christopher Crosby Farley was born on February 15 1964, in Madison, Wisconsin. He studied theatre and communications at Marquette University. After finishing College Chris was in the cast of the Second City Theatre, where the producer of Saturday Night Live, Lorne Michaels, discovered him. After he was on SNL for 5 years he started to work on some movies, like Waynes World in 1992 and Coneheads in 1993. In 1995 he had a small but comedic cameo in Billy Madison. When he was in Tommy Boy in 1995, he had finally gotten very popular. Him and his comedic partner David Spade later made another movie together called Black Sheep in 1996. In 1997 he made his final popular movie called Beverly Hills Ninja. He then died later in 1997 due to an accidental cocaine overdose. Although he died in 1997 he had another movie that was released in 1998 called Almost Heroes. Chris Farley lived a very active and bad lifestyle. He had abused drugs and alcohol for many years. He also had another very bad problem. He had very much trouble stopping eating. He was just like his father. He has said that his father was over 500 pounds. He just could not stop eating, although he was ridiculed and laughed at for being obese. Chris Farley and his life idol, John Belushi, both lived very similar lives. Almost identical lives to be exact. They were both on SNL and both used physical comedy to be funny. They both lived short but fast lives. They both abused drugs and alcohol and both had problems with obesity. Even more identical was their age and cause of death. Chris Farley died of a cocaine ove ...

Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Paper - Assignment Example In this case, it is not the role of the media to create the advertisement or generate the desired message. It is the responsibility of the advertiser to formulate the message, and then present it to the media for conveying to the society. Nevertheless, the fact that the media represents, rather than creates events, does not remove the ethical responsibility on the side of the media (Ap.org, n.p.). Therefore, it is the responsibility of the media to ensure that it avoids any form of misrepresentation of the events being reported to the society, through ensuring to accurately represent the event, without any â€Å"inaccuracies, carelessness, bias or distortions† (Ap.org, n.p.). The theory of Act Non-consequentialists can support this position, owing to the fact that it requires that each ethical case is addressed on a case-by-case basis. Thus, the ethical representation of the events by the media should be evaluated on a case basis. From what I hear from you Molly, the media is in the business of making money, and thus is there to represent the events created by anyone, regardless of the ethicalness of the events. While I agree with you completely that the media does not create events but rather uses the events created by other people or agencies to generate money, I really do not agree with you on the opinion that the job of the people working in the media is simply to â€Å"fill spots of air time and advertisements†. In fact, I hold a contrary opinion, to the effect that, although the media people are in the business of making money, they owe the society the ethical duty of care, requiring them to uphold ethics in every aspect of their events representation. Now if you may, please tell me how the media can effectively expedite its role of making money, and at the same time remain ethical. Tawania Reese, I support your opinion on the

Visual Analysis and critical reflection Research Paper

Visual Analysis and critical reflection - Research Paper Example At the age of 16 he won a street painting competition that he entered into. He believes he is an autodidact who learns by doing. He has studied the techniques of old masters of street painting and started to make it his profession. Today he is a street painter and does not paint conventionally anymore. His early paintings led him to the title ‘maestro madonnari’ which means master street painter, and these paintings were mostly two-dimensional. As the street art developed, the three dimensional paintings came into effect. Muller first painted in 3D on a client’s car. He was eventually inspired by the ideas of Julian Beever and Kurt Wenner. He started painting illusion in 3D street paintings and his skills and drawing techniques made him the best in the world (WebUrbanist, 2013). Lava burst (Bored Panda, 2013) Mueller uses the street as his canvas and literally involves the viewers to the imagery. He uses hundreds of square meters of the pavement and paints to chal lenge the perceptions of the street walkers. This 3D painting of a lava burst was painted by Mueller on the 30th anniversary of international competition of street painters held in Geldern, Germany. He painted a large sized picture once more and created scenery which appeared apocalyptic. Mueller was 25 years old when he had given his entire life to street painting. He made several paintings all around Europe and aimed to earn through the transitory art. He became an organizer and committee member for street painting festivals and also set up the Internet board for street painters of Germany. This was a forum which promoted the solidarity amongst the various German street painters. He also presented the master works of old painters to people in his studio and drew perfect copied of those paintings. With the help of the old painters’ works, Mueller helped the ones interested in paintings to understand the depth of the art. Ice Age (Bored Panda, 2013) This is one of the best wo rks of Mueller and was completed in 5 days. It is a huge picture of the ice age and shows creative illusion. He needed about five assistants who helped him all day long in painting the huge painting. The illusion was painted by the application of the anamorphic technique to the huge pavement. The picture is approximately 250 square meters large. This was the most challenging painting made by Mueller and it was created for the Festival of World Culture in Ireland (2008). This painting was the most challenging one for Mueller because of the weather conditions of Ireland. Ireland’s weather often fluctuates and usually there are four seasons felt in one day. Sunshine, hailstorm and rain all were experienced within few hours. Mueller and his team of assistants did not think that they would get through with the painting, but they accepted the challenge and completed it. The street painters often face the difficulties with coping with weather conditions because all of their work is out on the streets. Rain is usually the biggest element to fight as the use of paints and chalks is done for these paintings. If the rain spoiled the painting overnight, Mueller would usually start a new one. Hence the weather issues are not a problem for Mueller as he says â€Å"once a painting is done, I somehow lose interest in it. It’s done and for me it is up to go for the next† (WebUrbanist, 2013). Gradually the changing trends have also redirected the interest of Mueller in his paintings. Thus he has

Surrealism and the Fashion Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Surrealism and the Fashion Industry - Essay Example The essay "Surrealism and the Fashion Industry" talks about the surrealism movement and its connection with fashion industry. The collaboration has made the conjoined elements to form a distinct art form, which has gained recognition among popular art media such as magazines. This is exemplified by Vogue magazine, which has allowed industry players such as Cecil Beaton to explore and expand the limits of their standards. The developmental timeline of the bond between the surrealist cultural movement and the fashion industry began in the early 20th Century. This onset was witnessed when the surrealist movement disengaged from the written statement, which required it to embrace and focus on objects. The change of focus and the use of surrealism in the realm of the fashion industry is explicitly evident in common use of odd art pieces and objects, which are easily transformed to textile print work and jewellery among many other fashion forms. This offers designers freedom to develop â⠂¬Å"art forms† that find replication of form on either sides of the collaboration. The collaboration greatly contributed to the imagination of what lay beneath the art, which was easily transformed to wearable clothing pieces. Initially, fashion was not regarded as an art form and therefore surrealism, which is an art, was thought to be poles apart when considered alongside the fashion industry. However, this transformed when the surrealist movement’s written form of art and canvassed art forms shifted focus.

Perforation of Composite Sandwich Panels

Perforation of Composite Sandwich Panels CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction The use of sandwich structures has been increasing in recent years because of their lightweight and high stiffness. Commonly, the naval industry and transportation uses the E-glass fibers while the aerospace industry uses composite structures such as carbon fiber. The use of sandwich panels with composite facesheet in the naval industry is particularly appealing because they have better corrosion and environmental resistance and reduced magnetic signatures when compared to double-hull construction steel ships. On the other hand, composite sandwich panels are easily susceptible to damage by a strange object impact. The damage may be visible, penetration or perforation, or invisible, internal delamination and debonding. Both types of damages will result in stiffness and strength reduction. It is then important to study the impact behavior of composite sandwich panels. Failure in composite structures can be caused by low, high and extremely high or localized impact. An impact caused by a foreign body initiates two waves from impact point in a panel: a through-thickness wave and a transverse shear wave. Whether or not these waves play an important role in the impact response of the panel depends on the actual contact duration between the projectile and panel and the time it takes the transverse shear wave to reach the panel boundary. Figures 1.1 (a)-(c) show three-impact scenarios: low-velocity, high-velocity and ballistic impact. In low-velocity impact, the contact force duration is long compared to the time it takes the transverse shear wave travel to reach the plate boundary. Many waves reflect back and forth across the side dimension of the panel. In high-velocity impact, the contact force duration is much shorter than the transverse shear wave travel time through the panel. Usually high-velocity impact is the same with perforation and localized damage of the panel. Ballistic impact deals only with through-thickness wave propagation. During ballistic impact, there is complete perforation of the panel with little or no panel deformation. The contact force duration is approximately the wave travel time through the panel thickness. Ballistic impact usually involves the study of penetration mechanics. Low-velocity High-velocity Ballistic Impact The projectile to panel mass ratio will control whether wave propagation effect dominates the panel impact response and then suggested that a mass ratio be use as a parameter to determine impact response. It was shown that small mass impacts produce more damage than high-mass impacts having same kinetic energy. While small-mass impacts were defined by wave-controlled response, large mass impacts were defined by boundary-controlled response. Common examples of low-velocity impact are of bird strikes, collision with floating object, and dropped tools, may cause damage. Underwater blast or debris from a faraway explosion and air was considered as a high-velocity impact situation. Examples of ballistic impact would be a bullet or fragments from a nearby explosion hitting the panel. Another important factor governing the impact on composite structures is the ballistic limit. The ballistic limit is defined as the highest velocity of the projectile to cause perforation. When the residual velocity (exit) of the projectile is zero, then the initial velocity of the projectile that causes perforation is the ballistic limit of the sandwich panel. The ballistic limit may be calculate analytically or determined experimentally. In the experimental method, sandwich panels are shoot with projectiles over narrow range of velocities to either just cause penetration or to just perforate the panel. There exists a striking velocity at which 50% of the panels are completely perforate above this value and remaining 50% are partly penetrate below this value. This striking velocity is expresse as V50, which is the ballistic limit of the panel. In the analytical approach, the ballistic limit is determined by the conservation of energy principle. The approach is complex because it inc ludes a variety of factors like core thickness, facesheet thickness, shape of the projectile, core crushing stress, and so on. 1.2 Problem Statement This topic was an expansion of the Wan Awis research. He has done only an experimental work. For impact application, we need to predict skin and core material thickness. Since impact phenomena depend on numerous parameters such as material properties or projectile geometry, a numerical model, validated experimentally, is necessary to allow the study of the influence of several parameters without making costly experimental tests. This will definitely enhance the development of our military technology and achievements in the future because of the ability of this software to cut production cost and time consuming of the experimental work. The numerical figures have been compared to modal test results aiming mainly to validate the studies. Simulation based on finite element analysis (FEA) must not exceed  ± 15% error or this simulation could be claimed not acceptable. 1.3 Objective To simulate the damage of composite sandwich structures subjected to high-velocity impact using finite element analysis. To determine the energy absorption capability of the components on the behavior of the sandwich panel under impact load using ANSYS AUTODYN 13.0 To validate a numerical model with actual experiment. 1.4 Scope of Works To characterize a mechanical behavior of carbon fiber panel by using tensile and determine the fiber volume force and density. Design and validate the numerical model. Conduct a ballistic impact test simulation. Using the experiments data to calculate the energy absorption on the impact. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction A great deal of research has been conducted in the area of impact of composite structures. In this chapter, previous work done on the impact response of laminated composite plates and composite sandwich panels will be reviewed. 2.2 Impact of Composite Laminates A detail study of impact of composite laminates in the three impact regimes ballistic impact, low-velocity and high-velocity is presented in this section. 2.2.1 Low-velocity Impact Abrate, 1998 give a specific review on different analytical models of impact on composite laminates. He classified impact models into four groups: impact on infinite plate model, energy balance models, spring-mass models, and complete models. In the energy balance model, the initial kinetic energy of the projectile is used to calculate the deformation of the composite laminate. The velocity of the projectile reaches zero at the maximum deflection of the composite laminate. At this point, all of the kinetic energy of the projectile is converted to strain energy needed to deform the composite laminate. Energy balance model assumes that the structure behaves in quasi-static manner. The time history of force and deflection are obtained using the spring-mass model representing the composite laminate. The model shown in Figure 2.1 consists of nonlinear contact stiffness (K), one spring representing the linear stiffness of the structure (Kbs), another spring for the nonlinear membrane stiff ness (Km), effective mass of the structure (M2) as well as the mass of the projectile (M1). Equations of motion are written from a free body diagram. The infinite plate model is used when the deformation wavefront has not reached the boundary but if the wave reaches the plate boundary then this model is not an appropriate one to use. In the complete model, the dynamics of the structure and projectile are taken into explanation. Appropriate plate theory has to be selected and used. In many cases the classical plate theory can be used but when transverse shear deformations become significant, higher-order theories must be used. One of the earliest studies on the impact of composite laminates was by Goldsmith et al, 1995, who conducted high-velocity and quasi-static impact tests on carbon-fiber laminates by using a cylindro-conical projectile. Three different specimen of varying thickness were considered. Energy balance principle was used to predict the dynamic penetration energy, static penetration energy, and also the ballistic limit of the composite laminate. The fiber failure accounted for most of the energy absorbed. The predicted theoretical energy was in good agreement with measured energy for thin laminates but not for the thick laminates. This was approved to the fact that transverse shear deformation played an important responsibility in thick laminates subjected to low-velocity impact. The effect of transverse shear deformation was not dominant due to its quick occurrence in the high-velocity impact of laminates. Therefore, the predicted energy in the dynamic case was always close to but less than the measured energy for the thin and thick laminates. The predicted ballistic limit was less than measured values due to the nonlinear factors. Cantwell, 2007 studied the influence of target geometry in the low-velocity impact of composite laminate. The tests were performed on GFRP plates with hemispherical indenter on either circular or square supports. He used energy-balance model to predict the plate deflection and the delamination area of the laminated structure. His study stated that there is little or no influence of target geometry on the failure modes. It also suggested that delamination was dependent on interlaminar shear stress and increasing the plate diameter required more energy for damage initiation. Hou et al., 2000 predicted impact damage in composite laminates using LSDYNA 3D. The numerical results were compared to experimental results on low-velocity impact on composite laminate with an initial velocity of 7.08 m/s The Chang-Chang failure criteria was modified taking the shear stress into consideration and the model was implemented in DYNA 3D. 2.2.2 High-velocity Impact In 1988, Cantwell performed high-velocity impact tests of CFRP laminates with 6 mm diameter, 1g steel ball as the projectile. The influence of fiber stacking sequence and target geometry was study. The experiments reveal that varying the target geometry had no significance on initial damage caused. While the damage initiated in the distal facesheet in thin laminates, however, in thick laminates it initiated from incident facesheet. Zhao et al., 2007 investigated the failure modes in composite laminates subjected to high-velocity impact. Three different laminates were subject to impact by hemispherical projectile in the range of 10-300 m/s. An energy balance was considered and equations for residual velocity for the laminates were given in terms of the mass of the projectile and striking velocity. The thickness and stacking sequence were finding to play an important role in the energy absorption. Cheng et al., 2007 developed an analytical model based on the spring-mass model for high-velocity impact of a blunt ended and a sharp-ended projectile on thick composite laminates. They considered the effect of moving boundary due to the propagation of shear wave. The analysis was modeled using series of quasi-static events. At the end of each quasi-static step, the failed layers were remove based on punch shear damage and fiber damage criteria, and the wave front was moved outwards. While the first spring stiffness constant was measure based on the penetration depth of the projectile, the second spring stiffness constant was measured based on the bottom node of the plate. 2.2.3 Ballistic Impact Silva et al., 2005 performed numerical simulations of ballistic impact on thin Kevlar 29 composite laminates using a fragment-simulating projectile. The laminate material model was simulating using AUTODYN and the projectile was modeled using Johnson-Cook strength model. Finite element mesh for both laminate and projectile was generating using True Grid. Accurate predictions of ballistic limit (V50) and the failure modes were made. Ballistic limit is the minimum velocity of impact at which a given projectile just perforates a given target. On occasion, the term is also used to identify the maximum impact velocity at which the projectile can penetrate into the target with perforation. It is often defined statistically as the impact velocity for which the projectile has a 50% probability of perforating the target; it is then denoted by V50. Guild et al., 2007 conducted numerical simulations of ballistic impact on composite laminates and compared them with experimental results. The laminates were made of E-glass/vinyl ester resin with varying thickness and ball bearings of varying mass were use as projectiles. The damage modes included fiber failure, matrix failure, penetration, and delamination. Hashin failure criteria was use to determine the damage mode. Delamination was modeled using an interface between the two plies. As the force increased between two nodes above the specified value, the nodes were untied and the delamination increased. The ballistic limit from experiments was in good agreement with numerical results Naik et al., 2008 studied the ballistic impact behavior of thick composites. E-glass/epoxy laminates of varying thickness were subject to high-velocity impact. The effects of projectile diameter, projectile mass and laminate thickness on the ballistic limit were studied. Wave theory and an energy balance were use to predict the ballistic limit of the laminate. The contact duration of the projectile with the laminate was maximum when the initial velocity was equal to ballistic limit and decreased when the initial velocity increased beyond the ballistic limit. Deka et al., 2008 conducted ballisitic impact on E-glass/polypropylene composite laminates with cylinder-shaped projectiles. The experimental results were validating with numerical analysis using LS-DYNA. Although the laminate was modeling in Hypermesh, LS-DYNA was used to analyze failure mechanisms. The analytical model was base on energy conservation and failure in the numerical analysis was predicted based on Hashins failure criteria. 2.3 Impact of Composite Sandwich Panels In this section, a detail study of impact of composite sandwich panels in the three impact regimes low-velocity, high-velocity and ballistic impact is presented. 2.3.1 Low-velocity Impact Mines et al., 1998 investigated quasi-static loading and low-velocity impact behavior on two different composite sandwich panels. While the first panel was made up of E-glass/vinyl ester skin and Coremat ® core, the second panel was made of Eglass/epoxy skin and aluminium honeycomb core. The first panel with Coremat ® core had failed in the sequence of core shear, debonding, and distal facesheet damage and incident facesheet failure. The second panel failed by core shear, debonding, incident facesheet failure and then distal facesheet failure later. In the low-velocity impact tests, the failure pattern remained the same in both the panels as of the quasi-static tests. The core properties and impact velocity govern the energy absorption capability of the sandwich panel. Wen et al., 1998 investigated the penetration and perforation of composite laminates and sandwich panels under quasi-static, drop-weight and ballistic impact tests by flat-faced, hemispherical-ended and conical-nosed indenters/projectiles. They categorized the impact on laminates and sandwich panels into low-velocity impact and wave-dominated (high-velocity/ballistic impact) response. It was also stated in the research that sandwich panels subjected to low-velocity impact have similar load-displacement characteristics as of quasi-static loading case. The perforation energy required by flat faced projectile was more than hemispherical-ended and conical shaped projectiles in high-velocity impact. Schubel et al., 2005 investigated quasi-static and low-velocity impact behavior of sandwich panels with woven carbon/epoxy facesheets and PVC foam. The low-velocity impact model behaved similar to quasi-static loading case when loads and strain levels were same. The static indentation response was compared to the numerical results obtained using ABAQUS and were in good agreement. A membrane solution, assuming membrane in the core affected region and plate on elastic foundation in the rest of sandwich panel was in poor agreement with the numerical results. Hoo Fatt et al., 2001, developed static and dynamic models of sandwich panels subjected to low-velocity impact. They investigated the behavior of sandwich panels having carbon/epoxy skins and a Nomex honeycomb core with a hemispherical indenter under various support conditions such as simply supported, fully clamped, and rigidly supported. Spring-mass models were considered to determine the load-displacement curve. They also investigated the damage initiation of sandwich panels under low-velocity impact loading. The initial mode of damage depended upon the panel support conditions, projectile nose shape, geometry of the specimens, and material properties of the facesheet and core. Various failure patterns were studied and solutions based on them were derived separately. The analytical solution for the ballistic limit was also found and results for thick laminates were in better agreement than thin laminates. Suvorov et al., 2005 performed numerical analysis on sandwich panels with foam core and studied the effect of interlayer in between the top facesheet and foam core. The foam core was modeled as crushable foam in ABAQUS. While the polyurethane (PUR) interlayer reduced the deformations in both the core and the composite facesheets, the elastomeric foam (EF) interlayer offered a better protection for the foam core alone. Besant et al., 2001 performed numerical analysis on sandwich panels with aluminium honeycomb core. The metal honeycomb core was modeled as elastic perfectly plastic material. A quadratic yield criterion was proposed for the core material, which included both normal and transverse shear stresses. The importance of core plasticity in finite element analysis was explained. 2.3.2 High-velocity Impact A great deal of work has been done in the area of low-velocity impact of laminates and sandwich panels and high-velocity impact of laminates but limited work has been presented in the domain of high-velocity and ballistic impact of sandwich panels. The following describes some recent studies on the high-velocity impact of composite sandwich panels Velmurugan et al., 2006 studied the projectile impact on composite sandwich panels in the range of 30-100 m/s. The sandwich models in this study were not the typical sandwich panels in the conventional sense. They had a core height comparable to the facesheet thickness and acted as a bonding agent between the facesheets. Energy-balance model was used to determine the ballistic limit of three different sandwich panels. They assumed the sandwich panel as a single plate since the foam layer was thin and comparable to facesheet thickness. Also uniform failure mechanism along the through thickness direction was assumed in their model. Skvortsov et al., 2003 developed an analytical model using energy-balance principle to determine the ballistic limit of composite sandwich panels subjected to high velocity impact. Two different sandwich panels were subjected to high velocity impact using three different projectiles. These tests were conducted on simply supported and rigidly supported boundary conditions, and the initial velocity was varied in the range of 70-95 m/s. The predicted panel energy was close to the experimental values and the error was due to the strain-rate effects, plastic behavior, and hardening phenomena, which are not consider in the analysis. 2.3.3 Ballistic Impact Kepler et al., 2007 conducted ballistic impact on sandwich panels consisting of GFRP plates and Divinycell H80 core, with three different projectiles. Lumped spring mass model was use to calculate force histories and panel response. Concentric rings connected by shear springs represented the sandwich panel. In this model, core shear deformation was assumed as the single significant contributor to the sandwich panel stiffness. The facesheet orthotropic was neglected in the panel response. Four different force histories: constant force, triangular force, sine series, and combination of sine and triangular force were used to calculate the energy loss in the panel. Of these, triangular and combined force gave results in better agreement with experimental results. 2.4 Aluminium Honeycomb For design and construction of lightweight transportation systems such as satellites, aircraft, high-speed trains and fast ferries, structural weight saving is one of the major considerations. To meet this requirement, sandwich construction is frequently use instead of increasing material thickness. This type of construction consists of thin two facing layers separated by a core material. Potential materials for sandwich facings are aluminium alloys, high tensile steels, titanium, and composites depending on the specific mission requirement. Several types of core shapes and core material are been applied to the construction of sandwich structures. Among them, the honeycomb core that consists of very thin foils in the form of hexagonal cells perpendicular to the facings is the most popular. A sandwich construction provides excellent structural efficiency, i.e., with high ratio of strength to weight. Other advantages offered by sandwich construction are elimination of welding, superior insulating qualities and design versatility. Even if the concept of sandwich construction is not very new, it has primarily been adopt for non-strength part of structures in the last decade. This is because there are a variety of problem areas to be overcome when the sandwich construction is applied to design of dynamically loaded structures. Other investigators have previously carried out noteworthy theoretical and experimental studies on linear elastic and nonlinear behavior of aluminium sandwich panels. Kelsey et al., 1985 derived simple theoretical expressions of the shear modulus of honeycomb sandwich cores. Witherell, 1977 performed an extensive theoretical study for structural design of an air cushion vehicle hull structure using aluminium honeycomb sandwich panels. Okuto et al., 1991 showed the validity of the so-called equivalent plate thickness method in which a honeycomb sandwich panel subjected to inplane loads is approximately replaced by a single skin panel with equivalent plate thickness. Kobayashi et al., 1994, studied Elasto plastic bending behavior of sandwich panels. An experimental study was undertaken by Yeh et al., 1991 to investigate the buckling strength characteristics of aluminium honeycomb sandwich panels in axial compression. Kunimo et al., 1989 both, have studied the characteristics of the energy absorption capacity of bare honeycomb cores under lateral crushing loads theoretically and experimentally. 2.5 Ballistic Limit The ballistic limit may also be defined as the maximum velocity at which a particular projectile is expected to consistently fail to penetrate armor of given thickness and physical properties at a specified angle of obliquity. Because of the expense of firing tests and the impossibility of controlling striking velocity precisely, plus the existence of a zone of mixed results in which a projectile may completely penetrate or only partially penetrate under apparently identical conditions, statistical approaches are necessary, based upon limited firings. Certain approaches lead to approximation of the V50 Point, that is, the velocity at which complete penetration and incomplete penetration are equally likely to occur. Other methods attempt to approximate the V0 Point, that is, the maximum velocity at which no complete penetration will occur 2.6 Energy Absorption Mechanism of Composite Materials The research was done by Naik and Shrirao at 2004. Impact loads can be categorized into three categories which is low-velocity impact, high-velocity impact and hyper-velocity impact. This classification is made because of change in projectiles velocity will result in different mechanisms in terms of energy transfer between projectile and target, energy dissipation and damage propagation mechanism. Basically, ballistic impact is considered as low-mass high velocity impact. In this impact event, a low-mass projectile is launched by source into target at high velocity. It is unlike low-velocity impact that involved high-mass impactor impacting a target at low velocity. In view of the fact that ballistic impact is high velocity event, the effect is localized and near to impact location. According to Naik et al. (2006), seven possible energy absorbing mechanisms occur at the target during ballistic impact. Those mechanisms are cone formation at the back face of the target, deformation of secondary yarns, tension in primary yarns/fibres, delamination, matrix cracking, shear plugging and friction between the projectile and the target. Then, the researchers formulated all these energies into equation whereby the total energy absorbed by the target is summation of kinetic energy of moving cone EKE, shear plugging ESP, deformation of secondary yarns ED, tensile failure of primary yarns ETF, delamination EDL, matrix cracking EMC and friction energy EF. ETOTALi = EKEi + ESPi + EDi + ETFi + EDLi + EMCi + EFi Mines et al. (1999) identified three modes of energy absorption when analysed the ballistic perforation of composites with different shape of projectile. These energy absorptions are local perforation, delamination and friction between the missile and the target. However, the contribution of friction between the missile and the target in energy absorption is low compared to the other two. In terms of local perforation, three through-thickness regimes can be identified, namely: I shear failure, II tensile failure and III tensile failure and delamination. Out of these three regimes, the through-thickness perforation failure is dominated by shear failure. Similar observation has been made by other researcher for thick graphite epoxy laminates whereby the perforation failure is dominated by shear failure. The third main energy absorption mechanism is delamination. Delamination can propagate under Mode I (tensile) and Mode II (shear) loading and each mode can dominate each other depend ing on structural configuration of the composite as well as material properties. Therefore, it can be predicted that the total perforation energy is a summation of energy absorption due to local perforation, delamination and friction between the missile and the target. Epred = Ef + Esh + Edl where Ef = friction between the missile and the target; Esh = local perforation; Edl = delamination Apart from that, Morye et al. (2000) has studied energy absorption mechanism in thermoplastic fibre reinforced composites through experimental and analytical prediction. They considered three mechanisms that involved in absorbing energy by composite materials upon ballistic impact. The three energy absorption mechanisms are tensile failure of primary yarns, elastic deformation of secondary yarns and the third mechanism is kinetic energy of cone formed at back face of composite materials. They concluded that kinetic energy of the moving cone had a dominant effect as energy absorption mechanism for composite materials. However, they neglected a delamination as one of the factor contributed to the failure of composite materials during ballistic impact. 2.7 Kinetic Energy Equation Kinetic energy (KE) attack is a penetration of the residual energy of a projectile. A projectile can give a certain amount of energy to attack and damage a vehicle if the projectile sufficient residual energy when it arrive at the target. This residual is very important to overmatch the capability and strength of the target material to resist penetration, and then it will penetrate. Kinetic energy shot can be presented with the simple law of physic. K.E =  ½ Mprojectile Vprojectile2 Increasing the mass (Mprojectile) of the shot increases its energy, but the real payoff comes from increasing its velocity (Vprojectile). If the diameter of the shot fills the whole gun barrel, the projectile becomes heavier and difficult to accelerate to required velocity with the length of the barrel. Additionally, a large diameter solid shot will provide more energy to penetrate the armour plate compared to a projectile which has the same mass but a smaller diameter. Consequently, the larger shot is not only less effective at the target but it is difficult to give it the necessary velocity. According to Chang et al., 1990, depth of penetration at the target will depend not only on residual energy, but also on shape and size of the projectile. The curve shape at the projectile head is more important, as it must not only able to pierce the armour but the shoulders of the shot must also support the remainder so that it does not break up on its way through the armour. If for given mass the diameter of the shot is reduced and is length increased, then for the same residual energy the shot will penetrate further, as it is working on a smaller cross section area of armour. The ratio of length-to-diameter is called slenderness ratio. Any projectile with ratio in excess of 7:1 cannot be spin stabilized it is not until they reach a ratio approximately 20:1 that they can call long rod. So, based on those discussions above, we can conclude that energy absorption can be performed by this relation Eabsor = Ein Eout = [ ½ Mprojectile Vin2] [ ½ Mprojectile Vout2] =  ½ Mprojectile (Vin2 Vout2) So, Eabsorbed =  ½ Mprojectile (Vin2 Vout2) 2.8 Tsai-Hill Failure Criterion Hill, 1950 proposed a yield criterion for orthotropic materials: G+HÏÆ'12+F+HÏÆ'22+F+GÏÆ'32-2HÏÆ'1ÏÆ'2-2GÏÆ'1ÏÆ'3-2FÏÆ'2ÏÆ'3+2LÏ„232+2MÏ„132+2NÏ„122=1 This orthotropic yield criterion will be used as an orthotropic strength or failure criterion in the spirit of both criteria being limits of linear elastic behavior. Thus, Hills yield stresses F, G, H, L, M and N will be regarded as failure strengths. Hills criterion is an extension of von Mises yield criterion. The von Mises criterion, in turn, can be related to the amount of energy that is used to distort the isotropic body rather than to change its volume. However, distortion cannot be separated from dilatation in orthotropic materials, so Equation 2.8 is not related to distortional energy. Unfortunately, some authors still mistakenly call the criterion of Tsai-Hill a distortional energy failure criterion. The failure strength parameters F, G, H, L, M and N were related to the usual failure strength X, Y, and S for a lamina by Tsai. If only Ï„12 acts on the body, then, because its maximum value is S, 2N=1S2 Similarly, if only ÏÆ'1 acts on the body, then G+H=1X2 And if only ÏÆ'2 acts, then F+H=1Y2 If the strength in the 3-direction is denoted by Z and only ÏÆ'3 acts, then F+G=1Z2 Then, upon combination of Equations (2.10), (2.11) and (2.12), the following relations between F, G, H and X, Y, Z result: 2F=1Y2+1Z2-1X2 2G=1X2+1Z2-1Y2 2H=1X2+1Y2-1Z2 For plane stress in the 1-2 plane of a unidirectional lamina with fibers in the 1-direction, ÏÆ'3 = Ï„13 = Ï„23 = 0. However, from the cross sectional of such a lamina in Figure 2.3, Y = Z from the obvious geometrical symmetry of the material construction. Thus, Equation (2.8) leads to ÏÆ'12X2-ÏÆ'1ÏÆ'2X2+ÏÆ'22Y2+Ï„122S2=1 as the governing

Critical Lens Essay :: essays papers

Critical Lens Essay Whenever someone performs a task, he/she can labor over it carefully, or do a rushed job. A student writing an essay describing the causes of the American Revolution, or a president proposing ways to end World War II illustrate two situations where both simple and complicated ways to address a problem exist. Writing a non-analytical response to the essay question would be easy to do. Likewise, dropping atomic bombs over cities, razing them and eliminating many people would not be entirely morally correct. H.L. Mencken^s assertion that ^for every problem there is one solution which is simple, neat, and wrong^ is excellent for assessing the literary elements in two works: Fences by August Wilson and Snow Falling on Cedars by David Guterson. Fences is filled with difficulties between characters, and many of these were not reconciled in a proper manner. One problem involved Cory, a high school student and his father, Troy. Cory, an accomplished football player wanted to focus on his team and play in college. However, his father was against Cory^s goals, insisting he prioritize his work and house chores over the football. Ordinarily, there is nothing wrong with a parent making major decisions for his/her children, but in this case, Troy^s solution to the problem was simply to go behind Cory^s back and revoke his membership on the team. Going behind one^s back is an easy way out of resolving a problem^the person was plainly too indolent to spend the time to find a more mutually acceptable solution. Troy^s demeanor is unacceptable not only with Cory, but also with other characters in the book. For example, when Lyons asks him for a small amount of money, Troy creates a big scene, detailing problems he had had in the past with getting credit, such as paying for furniture through ten-dollar monthly installments. It is clear that Troy is rather selfish, for he tries to keep what little amount of money he has for himself. In Snow Falling on Cedars, readers observe different types of problems. While those in Fences tend to be between two people, those in Guterson^s book usually involve a large group of people, often the entire town of San Piedro. The principal question throughout the novel centers around who killed Carl Heine. The entire town seems to show prejudice against Kabuo, primarily because he is Japanese. This prejudice is obvious even in affairs unrelated to Kabuo^s trial. In a descriptive paragraph about life in San Piedro, readers learn that Japanese workers at the Port Jefferson mill were

The Uk Diabetes Problem Health And Social Care Essay

I have done the nursing occupation in my back place state Nepal and now I am making the attention helper for aged people in attention place. Most of the occupants are enduring from different diseases, such as diabetes, dementedness.In my unit most of occupant are suffered from diabetes. In my state Nepal I have seen many patients of diabetes, from where I got the more cognition about the diabetes. Not merely UK people but besides whole universe people is enduring from the diabetes. Many research are conducted on this instance, diabetes affects six per centum of the universe ‘s population and its prevalence is duplicating every coevals.There are presently over two and half million people diabetes in UK and there are more than half a million people with diabetes who have the status and do n't cognize it. Harmonizing to diabetes UK statistics show that over 80 % of people diagnosed with type2 diabetes and corpulence. Diabetes patient spend an norm of & A ; lb ; 4500 yearly on costs for handling their diseases in the universe. The cost of diabetes to the national wellness service stands at about & amp ; lb ; 1 million per hr and is increasing quickly a new study indicates ( www.diabetes.co.uk ) .Diabetes 29/04/2011 ) histories for about a ten percent of NHS budget each twelvemonth a entire exceeding & A ; lb ; 9 billion. The complications of diabetes are legion and deathly and include amputation, bosom disease kidney failure and sightlessness, the study highlights the facts that eight out of 10 people with diabetes dices of bosom disease and stroke.Goverment is passing tonss of money and has committed to guaranting there is greater focal point on speed uping the gait of betterment in diabetes attention. Increasing the diabetes patients evidently affect the system and economic system position of the state because alternatively of utilizing money in productive work, concern and building authorities is paying for diabetes which is straight influences the state. HEALTH Wellbeing AND QUALITY OF LIFE It is really complicated and difficult to specify wellness, there are 100s of positions from different writer and different organisations.As we know all of the accept the definition of universe wellness organisation, wellness is a complete, physical mental and societal well- being and non simply the absence of disease and frailty which means wellness is in relationship with different factors like single, physical, societal physiological, emotional, environmental and cultural it means wellness is non merely absence of disease. Person may go ailment with his mental and societal position and his milieus. Health is really of import factor in human life as we know the stating wellness is wealth. Same like wellness wellbeing is besides the of import factor of healthy and affluent life. Actually well-being is being healthy felicity, free from emphasis, mentally, physically, socially and emotionally. Health and wellbeing are the most of import constituents of healthy life. These are the constituent which determines the quality of life. Along with wellness and well-being quality of life is really of import which play large function in life of single. Quality of life denotes how the person is? His day-to-day life activities, his or her wellbeing. This is the term which determines populating status, installations, possibilities, security, satisfaction, income, employment, nutrient, instruction, quality wellness services, hygiene, public assistance and support. It is different from everyone. The chief thing determine quality of life is our ability to bask all that life has to offer for cases, the ability to walk, talk and experience all contributes to our all quality of life. ( journal.diabetes.org volume 30/04/2011 ) Diabetess During our life clip we know is likely to diabetes mellitus, better known as diabetes.Diabetes is found when the sugar in our blood is excessively high. It happens when something goes incorrect with the manner our organic structure uses the nutrient we eat. Our organic structure breaks down nutrient into sugar, fat, and protein. Our organic structure uses sugar for energy. A endocrine called insulin helps our organic structure turn sugar into energy. Insulin is made in the pancreas, which is located near our tummy. When we eat, our pancreas supposed to do the right sum of insulin to travel the sugar from our blood into our organic structure ‘s cells. When we have diabetes, we have no insulin or non adequate insulin, or our organic structure does non react to the insulin it makes. The sugar stays in our blood. When excessively much sugar builds up in our blood and reaches a certain degree we have DIABETES. Diabetes is serious, womb-to-tomb unwellness. It can do bosom and blood v as diseases, sightlessness, kidney failure, nervus harm, dentition and gum jobs, and toe, pes or leg amputations. ( www.handsonhealth-sc.org Idaho 1119 ) . If we can non command diabetes can perplex gestation, and birth defects are more common in babes born to adult females who have it. Understanding digestion and insulin Most of the nutrient we eat is broke down into glucose, it is the signifier of the sugar in the blood.it is the chief fuel for the organic structure. After digestion procedure, glucose base on ballss into the blood stream, where it is used by cells for growing and energy. For glucose to acquire into the cells insulin must be present. Insulin is a endocrine produced by the pancreas, pancreas is the big secretory organ behind tummy, people with diabetes do non do insulin, or they can non utilize insulin decently, or both. This causes glucose to construct up in the blood alternatively of traveling into the cells. As a consequence people with the status frequently feel ; thirsty, hungry tired.

Case Analysis Chevrolet Europe

Case Analysis Chevrolet Europe Problem Statement The manager for brand strategy of GM addressed the Project Midas team in early 2004. The marketing team of the Project Midas had to provide â€Å"a positioning statement for the Chevrolet brand in Europe† (Kerin Peterson 644). The Project Midas had to provide the statement, but the product line of the GM Daewoo, model characteristics, prices, distribution coverage and dealers’ sales practices were to remain the same.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Case Analysis: Chevrolet Europe specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, the Project Midas team had to achieve a goal of one percent market share for the brand in the European market (Kerin Peterson 634). However, the primary objective of the Project Midas team was to make European car buyers acquainted with the Chevrolet brand. Admittedly, the marketing team had to make the brand popular (or at least known) to achieve other goa ls provided. Short Summary of the Facts Basically, the Project Midas had to make the Chevrolet brand known to Europeans as the brand was â€Å"virtually unknown† to European customers in 2004 (Kerin Peterson 649). According to research less than one percent of European customers knew the Chevrolet brand and its bowtie logo. On the other hand, Daewoo cars were quite popular in many European countries. This could be a very good foundation for the development of the appropriate strategy. Analysis of the Facts Unknown to the European car buyers In the first places, it is important to consider the fact that the Chevrolet brand was quite unknown to the European car buyers. As has been mentioned above, less than 1% of the European customers knew anything about Chevrolet. Therefore, it could be possible to create a positioning statement from scratch, i.e. the marketing team could develop a brand-new strategy to introduce the brand. On the other hand, some people could have some misc onceptions concerning the car. For instance, Europeans could think the car was not for them â€Å"due to preconceptions of American cars as gas-guzzling yank tanks† (Kerin Peterson 649). Therefore, while creating a positioning statement, it was essential to take into account this fact as well. Thus, The Project Midas marketing team did not have to adapt certain strategy to the existing portfolio of the brand (as the brand was almost unknown), but they had to debunk existing misconceptions. Positive image of the Daewoo brand Secondly, while constructing a positioning statement, the Project Midas team could exploit popularity of certain Daewoo cars. For instance, Daewoo Matiz was particularly popular in such countries as Poland, Chech Republic, Portugal and Italy. More so, according to Kerin Peterson it became the winner at â€Å"The World’s Most Beautiful Automobile of 1998† (in the segment of the small car) (644). According to research held in 2003 owners of t he Matiz (or potential buyers of this car) valued such qualities as reliability and fair price (Kerin Peterson 646). It was also found that the owners of these cars were loyal to the brand. Other preferences expressed by the European buyers of the Matiz were as follows: â€Å"peace of mind†, practicality of the car, applicability for urban settings, style and â€Å"friendly dealership personnel† (Kerin Peterson 648).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Customer Profile Finally, it is also important to consider the customers’ profile. The European car owners can be divided into three major groups: the â€Å"Social Climber Segment† (upper middle class and middle class) represents 9% of cars owners, the â€Å"Conventional Modern/Progressive Modern Mainstream Segment† (younger middle class, above-average income) represents 18% of c ars owners, the â€Å"Counter Culture Segment† (lower class, middle class) represents 8% of cars owners (Kerin Peterson 640). Admittedly, it is quite difficult to address all the three groups. However, it is possible to cover at least two of them. It could be effective to address the latter two segments. Interestingly, Kerin Peterson provide the following customer profile of the Daewoo brand customers: unpretentious, â€Å"traditional meaning of life†, broad age range, mainly married (649). Therefore, these customers could form the target group of the new campaign aimed at introducing the Chevrolet brand. Alternatives It is possible to suggest at least three alternatives to achieve the goal mentioned above. In the first place, it is effective to use various informational channels to make people aware of the new brand. For instance, the experience of the Chevrolet brand proved to be quite effective. They provided Daewoo cars owners with corporate letters (sent via e-m ail) which announced the changes which were taking place (Hollensen 582). Therefore, loyal buyers could learn more about the changes which were taking place in the company. However, it could be more effective to use the Internet more excessively. Not only Daewoo cars buyers should be acquainted with the Chevrolet brand. It is possible to send information about the brand to buyers of various products (other cars, or even tyres). Apart from this, it is essential to take parts in various events: exhibitions, fairs, competitions. This can help to introduce the new brand to a wide audience. It can be effective to sponsor various TV programs which have the same audience as the target group of the Daewoo brand customers. This will help to raise the awareness among loyal customers of the Daewoo brand. Besides, it can be also effective to collaborate with various companies. For instance, the Chevrolet car could be a prize for the winner of some competition held by some retailing network. Thi s could be a good way to promote the new Chevrolet brand. However, it is not enough just to announce the appearance of the new brand on the European market. It can be more effective to focus on debunking misconceptions of American cars. The information channels mentioned above could be used (the Internet, TV, sponsorship, collaboration with other companies).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Case Analysis: Chevrolet Europe specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apart from these channels, it can be effective to start an advertising campaign with new advertisement (video, pictures, brochures) available on the Internet, on TV and in print. The major focus of the campaign will be the following message: some American cars were really ‘gas-guzzling’, but at present American cars are as economical as their European counterparts. Recommendations / Solutions Thus, the major goal is to make people acquainted with th e new brand. One of the trumps of the Chevrolet in Europe is that Europeans know little about the brand itself, but they have certain misconceptions concerning American cars. It can be effective to note that even though this misconception was true in the past, now things have changed. The advertising campaign should communicate the following messages: American cars were ‘gas-guzzling’ before the 2000s; American car producers (the Chevrolet brand in particular) now address environmental concerns; American car producers (the Chevrolet brand in particular) address issues concerning gas and financial crises; The Chevrolet brand is aware of the European customers’ needs; The Chevrolet brand strives for meeting the European customers’ needs. Admittedly, such attention to the needs of the customers will create a positive image of the company and the new brand. Negative emotions are believed to be stronger than positive ones. Therefore, information based on nega tive emotions can be more memorable and credible. Of course, it is important to ‘convert’ negative things in highly positive. Thus, it can be effective to contrast some conventional American cars with the new Chevrolet brand cars. It is also important to explain why the American manufacturer chooses the new concepts. The European customers should get the answer to the questions: Why Americans have chosen Daewoo? Can this American brand be suitable for Europeans? Besides, it is essential to make people understand that all the qualities valued in the Daewoo brand will be present in the Chevrolet brand. It is important to remember that Daewoo Matiz cars have been really popular in Europe. For instance, in 2002, more than 132,000 units were sold in Europe (Kerin Peterson 644). Therefore, it is necessary to use this popularity. It is possible to communicate the idea of high quality. Again, it is important to make customers think of American cars’ quality. It is possi ble to communicate the following message: the popular European car was approved by the American car manufacturer. Admittedly, world recognition will increase the brand’s value.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As far as information channels are concerned, it is possible to make the major focus on the Internet which has become one of the central information channel. People are extensively using the Internet which is often associated with innovations and progressiveness. This is a very good channel to introduce the new modern car brand. Hollensen, Svend. Global Marketing: A Decision-Oriented Approach. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education, 2007. Kerin, Roger and Robert Peterson. Strategic Marketing Problems: Cases and Comments. Lebanon, Indiana: Prentice Hall, 2009.

How to Write When Muse Doesnt Help

How to Write When Muse Doesnt Help There you are. Slamming your brain repeatedly against the keyboard at 1:53am while your loudest â€Å"make ideas happen† music blares from your headphones. Intermittently, you are uploading pictures of your cat to Instagram while cursing the professor who assigned this stupid essay. You are considering selling your soul to the Devil in lieu of a working thesis statement. Don’t make any blood oaths just yet. Even when your brain just doesn’t seem to be making any connections, there are ways to get your ideas flowing and that essay started. With a little creative help and a lot of determination, even the most uninspired essay can turn into a gem. 1. Go Where the People Are In a recent study from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, researchers found that ambient noise at around 70 decibels actually improves creative thought. They found that extreme quiet, 50 decibels or lower, impedes the ability to think abstractly since it introduces too much focus into the equation. On the other hand, make sure you don’t go where there is too much noise. The study also showed that noises over 85 decibels, the sound of heavy traffic, is too distracting for creative thinking. So, make sure you go to a coffee shop, not a metal concert. 2. Create an Outline Remember in high school when your teacher forced you to make an outline? It might have seemed like a huge waste of time then, but it’s a great trick to get your essay on the page. In fact, with a good enough outline, half of your paper will already be written for you. In fact, there is a simple 7-step procedure to have an excellent outline that will always get you off to a good essay start. Answer the prompt. In one or two sentences, answer the prompt for the article. This is your thesis statement. It will go at the end of your first paragraph. Write a main sentence for each of your paragraphs. Each paragraph should help to explain what you stated in your thesis. For each paragraph, write one sentence about what that paragraph is going to say. List 2-3 resources for each paragraph. Look at the main sentence for each paragraph. Now, find some resources that prove what you said in that sentence. List them. Now that you have all your paragraphs and thesis statement outlined, you will have some great ideas on how to start writing your essay. By the time you’re finished writing the body, or â€Å"meat,† of your essay, you should have some good ideas on how to write the introduction and conclusion. 3. Set a Timer One of the best ways to get writing when your brain feels like mush is to do a timed writing. Simply set your timer for 5-10 minutes and sit down at your computer. Start writing whatever comes into your head. If you’re working on an essay, write down all the things you know about the subject, or how you feel about it. Whatever you do, don’t stop writing. When you run out of things to say, simply write, â€Å"I don’t know what to say.† Your brain will eventually fill that space with things that can help you connect your ideas with the essay you need to complete. 4. Do Some Research I don’t mean search â€Å"funny cat videos† for two hours. I mean, real research. For example, if your essay needs to be about a current event, go to an online news source and start looking at headlines. Anything that catches your attention is a great place to begin your research. Especially if you’re low on time, research is another area where it’s a good idea to time yourself. Set the clock for one hour and look for concrete evidence to support your ideas. Educational websites (.edu) and governmental websites (.gov) are the most authoritative, so their excellent places to start. Also, make sure that you are citing your source so that you don’t get in trouble for plagiarism. 5. Just Write It In the end, writing an essay is simply about sitting down and doing it. Many authors, essayists, and professional writers don’t wait for inspiration before they put pen to paper. As a student, you can’t wait until inspiration strikes to start your essay. Simply setting aside a time to write and then making it happen is the best way to avoid losing your soul to a college essay assignment.

What were the major historical causes for the successive waves of Essay

What were the major historical causes for the successive waves of Greek colonization In what ways did Greek colonies impact Greek political institutions and cultural values - Essay Example Moreover, years of military expertise and familiarity with defending the Greek Speaking world from a host of foreign threats came to integrate deeply within an understanding of Greece and its role throughout the region. As can be seen from the situation that is been described, there was not merely one or two factors that encourage to Greece to colonize and otherwise invade the surrounding regions. Instead, a litany of factors coalesced and encouraged the nascent state, as a direct result of its exposure, trade, and subsequent military conquest, that colonization would be an effective means through which a greater level of wealth and regional influence could be exhibited. After the conquest of the first wave of Greek colonization, it became clear that a level of administrative authority, unlike what existed within the Greek states, must be exerted as a means of ensuring that a level of separatism and possible/potential rebellion was not exhibited. Due to the fact that the individuals who were colonized were inherently â€Å"non-Greek† the colonies could not be expected to be administered willingly in the same way that free men within the Greek city states existed. As such, a new form of administration and one that promoted a level of Greek culture, identification, and governance was established within these newly conquered realms. Although it was not a primary interest of the Greek colonizers to instill a level of cultural respect, the institutions and governance structure that was established effectively created a level of Greek culture and respect for it within the institutions that have thus far been described. As with any empire throughout the course of history, the growth and diversity of colonies created a situation in which Greece was forced to expend a great deal of energy, time, and money as a means of administering and ensuring that these colonies continue

Organizational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organizational Behaviour - Essay Example The happier an individual is within their job, the more satisfied they are said to be. Job satisfaction is not the same as motivation, although it is clearly linked. Job design aims to enhance job satisfaction and performance, methods include job rotation, job enlargement and job enrichment. Other influences on satisfaction include the management style and culture, employee involvement, empowerment and autonomous work groups. Job satisfaction is a very important attitude which is frequently measured by organisations. The most common way of measurement is the use of rating scales where employees report their reactions to their jobs. Questions relate to rate of pay, work responsibilies, variety of tasks, promotional opportunities the work itself and co-workers. Current paper provides comparatative analysis of five articles about job satisfaction as well as reports research on two additional articles. Basically there are 7 sources that alltogether provide a good overview on the issue. Job satisfaction is in regard to ones feelings or state-of-mind regarding the nature of their work. Job satisfaction can be influenced by a variety of factors, eg, the quality of ones relationship with their supervisor, the quality of the physical environment in which they work, degree of fulfillment in their work, etc. In the articles of Joseph E. Gawel â€Å"Herzbergs theory of motivation and Maslows hierarchy of needs† the author describes two behavioral theories that were long generally believed and embraced by business – the one of Frederick Herzberg and Abraham Maslow. Herzberg, a psychologist, proposed a theory about job factors that motivate employees. Maslow, a behavioral scientist and contemporary of Herzbergs, developed a theory about the rank and satisfaction of various human needs and how people pursue these needs. These theories are widely cited in

Wrapping the semester up for portfolio Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wrapping the semester up for portfolio - Article Example In addition, Montaigne hates cruelty against living things. He questions the presumption that human beings can and should rule over other creatures when the former could be so cruel to the latter. He gives examples of how ancient peoples despised cruelty against human beings and animals too, even those who/that have wronged them. Montaigne argues that torture and the death penalty are examples of human cruelty. He does not approve of cruelty because it violates the human sensibility for compassion and it turns humans into inhumane monsters. Jane Kramer describes Montaigne’s writings about the â€Å"self,† most especially, his â€Å"self.† Montaigne was 38 years old when he started writing his essays for the purpose of pursuing â€Å"Myself† or his identity. Kramer advises that people can best read Montaigne through his own observation of himself. By the self, she refers to Montaigne’s second life, because his identity in his writings is detached from his real life. She wonders why Montaigne did not speak with more details about his life. He did not connect his beliefs to his own experiences as a politician, family man, and a man with religion. She indicates that this must have enriched his thoughts about many more issues. She adds that Montaigne did not discuss other important political and social issues in his time too. Moreover, Kramer notes that Montaigne criticizes his essays for lack of unity. He also admits to fearing fear most of all, although, before he died, he accepted his f ear of emptiness that comes after death. Kramer ends with Montaigne’s desire to be statesman again. However, before he returns to a political post, he has become too sick of his kidney stones to perform his political functions. WikiHow describes the method of writing a five paragraph essay. It starts with an introduction that sets the tone and hooks the audience. The hook must be followed by the topic and then the thesis. The thesis must be coherent and

US School Programs on Obesity Prevention Measures for Children of the 21st Century Essay Example for Free

US School Programs on Obesity Prevention Measures for Children of the 21st Century Essay About one third of American children and 15% of teenagers are overweight or obese. (Obesity, 2009) Many factors contribute to obesity in children including genetics, poor diet, and lack of physical exertion, environment, and uninformed parents. Obesity is an unhealthy accumulation of body fat that threatens the youth of our nation. From the 20th to the 21st century obesity has increased by a factor of four and continues to grow unchecked. Given the nature of our lives and how they have dramatically changed from playing outside to playing video games, from eating homemade food to fast food, and the amount of technology our youth is exposed to currently obesity is at an all-time high. The research will show our nation’s efforts to address the youth of our nation on obesity, causes of obesity, and preventive actions to obesity though school programs. The research will show how obesity is a growing epidemic and what preventive steps can be taken to reduce the number of children affected by obesity. This research study will be limited to children no older than fifteen and focus on the nation’s schools. The research will focus on specific U. S. responses to causes of obesity from society, habitual exposure to food usage by parents, eating habits, and cafeteria programs. With the development of the causes to obesity the research will also show the specific aspects of addressing obesity in children though schools, parents, nutritional education and physical activeness. Research will be conducted in subscription databases, books, journals, and educational institutions based on 21st century data. This study will examine our nation’s preemptive measures in educational awareness, parental awareness, and activity utilization provided by our schools, government agencies, and state officials. Obesity in most cases is correctable by the maintenance of a proper and well-balanced diet consisting of the essential nutrients and the adequate caloric intake necessary to promote growth and sustain the physiological requirements at the various stages of a child’s development. (Pediatric Nutrition, 2009) As children develop there are nutritional needs that must be met and provided for a healthy start to life. Parenting plays a large role in a child’s preventive actions to obesity. The research will address the educational information available to parents and its many sources. Preliminary findings support that our nation is making efforts to educate everyone on the importance of obesity awareness and signs of obesity. The nation develops programs and activity guidelines for schools and strictly enforces their usage based upon an academic value required by the children. The research will show how school programs supporting our children will greatly decrease the likelihood of a child being or becoming obese. Obesity is a national epidemic and if not addressed this issue in will forever dominate and affect our children and their ways of life. Experts from all over the world give time and attention to this ever-growing issue to ensure that our youth who are the future leaders of our world will be healthy and lead active lives. We must make every measure to ensure that our children are given the best opportunities to be healthy by giving them the knowledge and the justification of importance. We as a nation must take the time to educate, inform, practice, and administer healthy choices to our children and to ourselves we will strike a powerful blow to the devastation caused by obesity. The United States school systems are currently engaged in a furious battle against childhood obesity. Childhood obesity is affecting millions of children in America between the ages of 2 and 19 years of age. Obesity is defined as an imbalance between the amount of energy absorbed and energy used, thus resulting in a larger amount of energy coming in than what is being used. The manifestation of this imbalance has many contributing factors that can accumulate or be the direct cause on their own such as genetics, and metabolism. Childhood Obesity is something that we as a nation can change though our school systems. I claim that our schools are the best tools to combat this growing epidemic. Today childhood obesity has public health officials in a state of near panic. About one-fourth of all children from 2 to 5 years old are overweight or obese before they enter kindergarten (Lockhead, 2009). I further claim that our Nation’s school dietary programs must be improved to combat this growing epidemic. Our children are facing life-threating health hazards that must be address. Schools have access to 95% of the children in the United States and this provides a very solid platform for improving the health and awareness within our children. I offer as evidence the recent USDA’s announcement of Team Nutrition Training Grants to improve health of America’s children (USDA, 2010). Team Nutrition is part of the USDA’s Food and Nutrition Service that will improve the schools dietary plans by implementing the principles of the Dietary Guidelines for American and MyPyramid. This is a two year program that will provide education and assistance to staff working in the schools cafeteria’s and lunch rooms. The purpose is to make meals as well as independent meal selections healthier for children. Over the course of the grant, information and education will be provided to parents as well. Parents must help adjust and support healthy eating habits at home. Additional evidence to support my argument comes from Tennessee where a coordinated school health program received praise for dropping obesity by 2% from 2000 to 2006. Budget cuts nearly cost the school this wonderful program, but the state health department was able to provided funding. The program of not selling soda or fruit juice in Tennessee schools increased from 26. 7 percent in 2006 to 74 percent in 2008. And of these schools 64 percent do not sell â€Å"unhealthy items† on school property (McClatchy, 2010). The First Lady Michelle Obama herself also supports and addresses this epidemic on a national scale with her program Let’s Move! addressing Brock Elementary School. First and foremost, were working with all of you to get fresher, more nutritious food into our schools. And we believe that one of the best ways to do this is through the HealthierUS Schools Challenge. This program has spurred schools all across the country to raise their standards and transform their classrooms and cafeterias into healthy eating and learning labs for their students. Thats why weve set a goal of doubling doubling the number of schools that participate in the HealthierUS Schools Challenge by June of 2011. And we want to add an additional one thousand schools in each of the following two years as well. In order to reach that goal, were making it easier for schools to apply by moving our application online, and letting districts apply for all their schools with just one application. Were making it easier for them to succeed by providing better technical assistance and by connecting them with professional chefs through our Chefs Move to Schools program. Already, nearly 1,800 professional chefs have signed up to give nearly 1,300 schools the expert advice they need to meet this challenge. And when schools do succeed, were making that victory just a little bit sweeter, with new cash rewards. And Ill be inviting representatives from each award-winning school to a reception in their honor at the White House. Finally, were working to increase participation in our school lunch program by two million eligible children, and to get another three million kids signed up to start receiving school breakfasts by 2015. Because I think we can all agree that no child in America should be starting school hungry each day. No child should be going without the basic nutrition they need to learn, grow and succeed, in school and in life. But I want to be clear: we cant do any of this unless we pass the Child Nutrition legislation thats before Congress right now. This bi-partisan legislation supports critically-needed investments to help millions of children get the nourishment they need to be healthy. The Senate has already acted. And I hope that the House of Representatives will do the same by the end of the month so that we can get it signed into law. But of course, we all know that healthy eating is only half the battle. Experts recommend that children get at least 60 minutes a day of activity. But we know that many of our kids arent even coming close. Thats why another key component of Lets Move! is to get our kids moving, to find new ways for them to get and stay active and fit. One of the key benchmarks were working to meet is to double the number of children winning the Presidents Active Lifestyle Award. To earn this award, students need to engage in physical activity five days a week, for six weeks. And the idea is for this to become habit-forming. We want to show them how good it feels to be active, so that theyll stick with it long after those six weeks are over. Well be working with afterschool programs and with athletes like Drew Brees and Dominique Dawes to promote this program. And to show everyone how much fun it can be, in the coming weeks, Ill be working to earn an Active Lifestyle Award myself. And I want kids all across the country to join me. Ill be recording my progress online, so if I start falling behind, I hope youll all send me some emails to shame me into getting back on track! So thats some of what were doing to support your work in our schools. And I hope that in the coming months and years, all of you, and schools all across the country will become even more involved in Lets Move!. I hope that more schools will get their kids working toward those Active Lifestyle Awards. Even if you sign up just one class, or just one club, if those kids enjoy it, theyll tell their friends, and soon others will want to join in. I also hope that more school districts will set a goal for themselves of having a certain number of their schools become HealthierUS Schools each year. And I hope that schools will work to help get each other involved as well. Theres no limit on the number of schools that can become HealthierUS Schools. Theres no limit on the number of kids who can get an Active Lifestyle Award. Were all in this together, and everyone can win. So if your school has already met the HealthierUS Schools Challenge, then I hope youll reach out to other schools and help them meet it as well. If youve found an exciting new activity for gym class or a way to get kids to try new foods in the lunchroom, dont keep that a secret share it with other schools, so that their students can benefit too. Thats what were trying to do with our website, Letsmove. gov, where weve posted all kinds of tips, recipes, and information that we wanted to share with folks across this country. In the end, these are the efforts that will make the difference in our kids lives. And all of you are the folks who will determine whether we can solve this problem once and for all. Our First Lady has taken a proactive stance to combat obesity through our schools and has provided incentives and resources to ensure that this epidemic is brought under control. I believe these facts are supportive of the U. S. school programs being present to prevent obesity in our children. These facts show that steps are being taken, however much more awareness to parents and children must be provided given the Nation’s childhood obesity rate. Our schools have been targeted by our government to address our youth we have taken small steps as a nation to address this problem. The evidence shows that programs are being put in place to assist and support the education of children and parents. In conclusion the condition of obesity in our nation is at an all-time high. Our children within the U. S. have a 95% attendance rate to schools. Given that this institution of education is the focal point to which we are able to educate and inform on a mass level it will provide the grounds to combat this epidemic of obesity. Schools can and will be provided the resources necessary to educate and inform both student and parent about the preventive measures to obesity.